Bangladesh is one of the most
densely populated countries in the world and it ranks 8th in list of other
countries. Total population of above 160 million and growth rate 1.18%(
Worldometers,2017 ). Though Bangladesh achieved a
renewable progress in degradation of poverty like has already met several
targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by reducing poverty gap
ratios, attaining educational level primary and secondary, infant mortality
rate reduction, detection and cure rate of TB and DOTS etc. (UNDP,2008), in many places of this country women are leading a miserable
life because of their poor condition. About
31.5% people in Bangladesh lives below the national poverty line in 2010(
Asian Development Bank ,2017). About 24% of Bangladeshi women
nearly one who is currently married experienced both physical and current
violence,10.5% sexual and 19.4% physical violence.18% are being slapped by
their husband last one year(Violence,
2017).Prevalence of physical and sexual IPV of women were
found most in the poorest category comparative household wealth and women with
no education compare to other respondents(Ahmed,
2005).
Substantially lower mortality rate
found of those women who were independent with their own occupation and
education status in Bangladesh(Hurt,
2004).Living standard also found strongest influential
factor for
explaining the variation of antenatal care and got height mean those family
condition is higher (Hossain,
Islam, Khan, & Ali, 2015).Women with highest living
standard family or with wealth quintile were 0.557 times less delivered by untrained
traditional birth attendant than lowest quintile in rural area of Bangladesh(M.
A. H. Chowdhury, Hasan, & Ahmed, 2013).Women whose had asset one or
more that means in the better condition of wealth got 46.7% sought care from
doctor/nurse/midwife in their delivery complication than poorest condition
women(R.
I. Chowdhury, Islam, Gulshan, & Chakraborty, 2007).
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Evidence shows that, women’s
autonomy relate with earned income than unearned ,wage income has larger effect
of women autonomy in any household.(Anderson
& Eswaran, 2009).It has also been seen that, the
majority of males attitude toward women remain conservative, their movement
from outside home, their seeking education and information has not increased
and narrow (Panday,
2010).A large number of well educated women are not in
positions that would give them to use their education to fulfill their own
basic needs (Umme
& Malik, 2012). Education is found to be the
variable most strongly correlated with use of contraception and is also one of
the significant variables explaining fertility behavior (Chaudhury,
1984). In order to diminution poverty by increasing
incomes, improving health and nutrition, and reducing family size education plays
a vital role(LB,
1982).
Education affects about decision
making of family planning, literate women make the decision about contraceptive
alone, because they concern about their own health than illiterate women.
Moreover, education provides women in participating to bring out changes about
economic and social growth. This also turns them gaining knowledge about
reproductive health rights and autonomy power( Darge,
2014).Another study also found that, among other socio
factors, education provides opportunities to a person to be well place in a
society(S.
Islam, 2014).The high rate of incomplete secondary education and lower rate
of educational attainment for women is occurred because of child marriage
before age 16(as compared with 18)(M.
M. Islam, Islam, & Hasan, 2016).
Our main aim of this study is,
therefore an endeavor to investigate how socio-demographic factors and
reproductive factors are related for changing the standard of leaving of
ever-married women in Bangladesh .A secondary aim is that, comparing the living
standard or family assets among rural and urban women of different geographical
divisions in Bangladesh and also see the negative and positive association by
integrating of these two factors among the respondents. We restrict our
analysis by using BDHS data only for rural and urban ever-married women
condition in Bangladesh and how these factors affect severally.