Roll No: 16837

             Name: Sumia Ameer

      

       Assignment Topic: Chlorine                                                       

                                      Peroxide

    

      Subject:
Mycology and Plant 

                                Pathology

            

          Course Code: Bot-505

 

  Submitted
To: Mam Saqib Mahmood

 

                       Chlorine Oxides

Chlorine and oxygen also can bond in numerous
ways:

·        
chlorine monoxide, ClO2,
chlorine(II) oxide

·        
chlorine dioxide, ClO,
chlorine(IV) oxide

·        
chloroperoxyl, ClOO

·        
chlorine trioxide, ClO3,
chlorine(VI) oxide

·        
dichlorine monoxide, Cl2O, chlorine(I) oxide

3 dichlorine dioxides:

ClO dimer, Cl2O2,
chlorine peroxide
chloryl chloride, ClO2Cl,
chlorine(0,IV) oxide
chlorine chlorite, ClOClO,
chlorine(I,III) oxide

                     Chlorine Peroxide
            

Names

IUPAC name
Dichlorine
dioxide

Other names
Chlorine(I)
oxide; ClO dimer

Identifiers

CAS Number

·        
12292-23-8

3D
model

·        
Interactive image

ChemSpider

·        
109895

PubChem CID

·        
123287

InChI

SMILES

Properties

Chemical formula

Cl2O2

Molar mass

102.905
g/mol

Excluding
where else noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C 77 °F 100 kPa).

Chlorine peroxide (also
identified as dichlorine dioxide or dimer) is a molecular
compound with method ClOOCl. Chemically,this is a dimer of
the chlorine monoxide radical (ClO). It is dynamic in
the development of the ozone hole. Chlorine peroxide catalytically changes ozone into oxygen when it is visible
by infrared light.

Dimer

A dimer
is an oligomer containing of
two fundamentally similar monomers joined by bonds
that can be each strong or weak, covalent and intermolecular. The term homo dimer is used when the two
molecules are similar and hetero dimer when
they are not. The inverse of dimerisation is normally called dissociation. When two oppositely charged ions companion into dimers,
they are stated to as Bjerrum sets.

Ozone Hole

Ozone depletion defines two connected phenomena observed since the late
1970.A steady failure of about four percent in the tot al amount of ozone in Earth’s stratosphere and a much larger springtide
diminution in stratospheric ozone around Earth’s freezing regions. The
latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. There are also spring time polar tropospheric ozone
depletion events in adding to these stratospheric phenomena.

                                            Production

Chlorine peroxide can be produced by laser or infrared photolysis of the
chlorine molecule with ozone. The lasers used to break up the chlorine
molecule into atoms can be an excimer
laser at 248, 308, or 352 nm wavelength. Difluorodichloromethane (CF2Cl2)
can also act as a source of chlorine atoms for the formation of the
peroxide. Microwave expulsion can also break up chlorine molecules into
atoms that react with ozone to style chlorine peroxide.

Chemical
Reactions

    Cl2                   +           
hv              ?               2Cl

    Cl               +              O3                  ?     O2                +       ClO

   2ClO         
+             M             ?     ClOOCl   
 +       M

   ClOOCl    
 +             h?            ?      Cl   
         +     
 ClO2

   ClO2           +             M            ?       Cl             +       O2

Dichlorodifluoromethane is a neutral gas usually sold under the brand name Freon-12, and a chlorofluorocarbonhalomethane (CFC)
used as a refrigerant and aerosol spray propellant. Complying with the Montreal Protocol, its making was banned in
developed countries in 1996, and rising countries in 2010 due to concerns about
its damaging impact to the ozone layer. Its only allowed usage is as
fire retardant in submarines and aircraft. It is solvable in many organic diluters.
Dichlorodifluoromethane was one of the unique propellants for Silly String. R-12 cylinders are having white color.

Excimer Laser

An excimer laser, sometimes more
correctly called an exciplex laser,
is a form of ultraviolet laser which is normally help in the production of microelectronic devices, semiconductor built integrated circuits or “chips”, eye surgery, and micro machining.

                            
Properties

Chlorine peroxide rivets ultraviolet light with a maximum absorbing
wavelength of 245 nm. It also engages longer wavelengths up to 350 nm
to a lesser extent. This is important as ozone grips up to 300 nm.

The Cl?O bond length is 1.704 Å, and the O?O bond is 1.426 Å
long. The ClOO bond angle is 110.1, and the dihedral
angle amongst the two Cl?O?O planes is 81

Dihedral Angle

A dihedral
angle is the angle between two crossing planes. In chemistry it is the angle
between planes through two sets of three atoms, having two atoms in common.
In solid geometry it is definite
as the union of a line and two half-planes that have this
line as a common edge. In advanced
dimension, a dihedral angle signifies the angle among two hyper planes.

 

Chalorine Peroxide Isomers

We report ab initio calculations of the
molecular structures of the various Cl2O2 isomers,
transition states, vibrational frequencies and vertical excitation energies, as
well as the relative energies of the Cl2O2 isomers
with respect to 2ClO, ClOO + Cl and OClO + Cl dissociation channels employing
up to the CCSD level of theory. Our best theoretical estimate for the
dissociation wave number D of
chlorine-peroxide, dichloride-dioxide ClOOCl relative to 2ClO is 6825
cm (including harmonic zero-point energy correction), compared to recent
experimental estimates in the range 5700–7000 cm, thus favouring the higher
values. The chlorine chlorite structure ClOClO is found to be weakly bound by ?3400 cm?1 with respect to 2ClO. The chloryl chloride,
chlorine peroxide ClClO2 is observed to be stabilised with
respect to the chlorine peroxide ClOOCl when large basis sets with diffuse
functions are used, and ClClO2 is predicted to be about hc700 cm?1 lower in
energy than ClOOCl (including harmonic zero-point energy correction). However,
ClClO2 is not assumed to be significant for the ClO
self-reaction due to the high barrier to association. The isomerisations appear
also unlikely under stratospheric conditions, as the transition states
optimised at CCSD level of theory are found to lie high above the reactants. We
also discuss the relation to recent research on parity violation and
stereomutation tunnelling in this molecule.

Bond strength of chlorine peroxide

The bond strength of chlorine peroxide (ClOOCl) is
studied by photoionization mass spectrometry. The experimental results are
obtained from the fragmentation threshold yielding ClO+ which is observed at
11.52 +/- 0.025 eV. The O-O bond strength D(o) is derived from this value in
comparison to the first ionization energy of ClO, yielding D 298 = 72.39 +/-
2.8 kJ mol. The present work provides a new and independent method to examine
the equilibrium constant K for chlorine peroxide formation via dimerization of
ClO in the stratosphere. This yields an approximation for the equilibrium constant
in the stratospheric temperature regime between 190 and 230 K of the form K
1.92 x 10^-27 cm3 molecules x e^(8430 K/T). This value of K is lower than
current reference data and agrees well with high altitude aircraft measurements
within their scattering range. Considering the error limits of the present
experimental results and the resulting equilibrium constant, there is agreement
with previous works, but the upper limit of current reference values appears to
be too high. This result is discussed along with possible atmospheric
implications.