Transformer rating indicated in (kVA)
in light of the fact that copper loss of a transformer relies upon current and
iron misfortune on voltage. Along these lines, add up to transformer relies
upon volt ampere (VA) and not on stage point amongst voltage and current. It is
free of load power factor. That is the reason rating of transformer in (kVA)
and not in KW(kilowatt).

                        5. Why transformer
rating specified in KVA?

The
four fundamental setups of a three-stage transformer, we can list the
transformers optional voltages and streams as for the essential line voltage,
VL and its essential line current IL as appeared in the accompanying table.
Where: n breaks even with the transformers “turns proportion” (T.R.)
of the quantity of optional windings NS, partitioned by the quantity of
essential windings NP. (NS/NP) and VL is the line-to-fix voltage with VP being
the stage to-unbiased voltage.

 

 

Three phase transformer
line and voltage current.

 Where once more, VL is the line-to-line
voltage, and VP is the stage to-unbiased voltage on either the essential or the
optional side.

 

Three phase voltage and current.

 

 

(vi)  Scott
connection-  Two
transformers are utilized as a part of this sort of association. One of the
transformers has focus taps on both essential and auxiliary windings.
Scott-association can likewise be utilized for three stage to two stage change.
The association is made as appeared in the figure above.

 

 

 

(v)  
Open delta connection- Open
delta association can be used when one of the transformers in delta-delta is
incapacitated and the administration is to be continued until the point when
the defective transformers is repaired or supplanted. It can in like manner be
used for little three stage loads where establishment of full three transformer
bank is un-fundamental. The aggregate load passing on limit of open delta
association is 57.7% than that would be for delta-delta association.

 

Formulae shows
delta star turns ratio.

(iv)                 
Delta-star connection-
The essential winding is related in delta and the optional winding is
related in star with unbiased grounded. This sort of connection is
fundamentally used in step up transformer toward the begin of transmission
line. The extent of auxiliary to essential line voltage is ?3 times the change
proportion. There is 30 degree move between the essential and optional line
voltages.

 

Formulae shows star-delta turns ratio.

 

(iii) Star-delta connection-
The essential winding is star-star associated with grounded impartial and the
secondary winding is delta associated. Step down transformer at the substation
end of transmission line is mainly utilized for this connection. The proportion
of secondary to primary line is 1/?3 times the transformation proportion. The
shift between the primary and secondary voltage line voltages is 30 degree.

(ii) 
Delta-delta
connection –Generally, large and low voltage transformer use this connection.
Number of required turns is decently greater than star-star association. The
transformation proportion of the transformer is equivalent to the proportion of
line voltages on the primary and secondary side. This connection can be used
notwithstanding for unbalanced loading. Regardless of whether one transformer
is not balanced, system can keep on operating in open delta association is one
of the benefit of the connection

 

(i)   
Usually small, high voltage transformers
use Star-star connection. In star
connection number of required turn is reduced. Thus, reduction of the amount of
insulation also takes place. On the off chance that the associated load is
balanced, this association can be utilized.

                     
VI.         
Scott
connection

                       
V.         
Open
delta and

                     
IV.         
Delta-star

                     
III.         
Star-delta

                       
II.         
Delta-delta

                         
I.         
Star-star

Star
or delta can be connected in the winding of primary or secondary windings. It
will provide a total of 4 possible connections for 3 phase transformer.

Three
phase transformer connection

In a shell type three phase
transformer, three stages are more autonomous than they are in core type. Each
stage has its individual magnetic circuit. The development of shell type three
stage transformer is shown in the figure above. The advancement resembles that
of three single stage shell form transformers kept on the most noteworthy
purpose of each other.

The advancement of a centre kind
three phase transformer is as showed up in the figure. The core contains three
legs or limbs. Obviously, the centre is contained thin overlaid sheets to
diminish eddy current hardships. Each limb has fundamental and auxiliary
windings in cylindrical shape.

Three phase ac system
present in almost all major generation and distribution systems in the world.
It constructed from 3 single phase transformers. A three-stage transformer is
set up by three arrangements of essential and auxiliary windings, each set
wound around one leg of an iron center get together. Fundamentally it would
seem that three single-stage transformers sharing a joined center as in figure.
Three phase transformer center contains three arrangements of windings. Those
arrangements of essential and optional windings will be associated in either ?
or Y setups to shape a whole unit.

3.  Three phase transformer (operation and
types)

Presently we will examine the saving of copper in auto
transformer contrasted with two windings electrical power transformer. We
realize that weight of copper of any winding relies on its length and cross –
sectional zone. Again length of conductor in winding is corresponding to its
number of turns and cross – sectional area changes with evaluated current. So
weight of copper in winding is straightforwardly corresponding to result of
number of turns and evaluated current of the winding.

2.
How copper is saving in autotransformer?

3.    
Absent of galvanic isolation.

2.     Used just in the
constrained places where a slight variation of the output voltage from input
voltage is required.

1.    
The auxiliary winding isn’t protected from the
essential winding. On the off chance that an auto transformer is utilized to
supply low voltage from a high voltage and there is a break in the auxiliary
winding, the full essential voltage comes across the optional terminal which is
risky to the operator and equipment.

 

Disadvantages of auto transformer.

 

3.     higher efficiency
than two winding transformer.

2.     voltage
regulation as voltage drop in resistance 

1.    
smaller in size and cheaper.

Advantages
of auto transformer

Example
of step down transformer. The picture shows that number of primary higher than
number of secondary coil.

 

B.   
Step Down Transformer- A
transformer in which Np >Ns is called a step down transformer. A step down
transformer is a transformer which converts high alternating voltage to low
alternating voltage.

Example
of step up transformer. The picture shows that Ns>Np.

A.   
Step Up Transformer –At the point when
the number of secondary coil is higher than the primary coil, it will be called
as step up transformer. It converts low alternative voltage to high alternative
voltage.

Principle
of working operation.

Along
these lines, the part of the windings passes on the contrast between the two
currents cab be made from a smaller conductor size, since the currents are much
smaller saving on the cost of an equivalent double wound transformer.

 An autotransformer is used principally for the
adjustments of line voltages to either change its value or to keep it
consistent. If the voltage modification is by a small amount, either up or
down, at that point the transformer ratio is small as Vp and Vs are almost
equal. Currents Ip and Is, are also nearly equivalent.

Auto transformer terminal
markings.

 

The standard procedure for denoting an auto transformer
winding is to name it with capital letters. Essentially the normal unbiased
association is set apart as N or (n). For the secondary tapping’s, suffix
numbers are utilized for all tapping points along the auto transformer
secondary winding. These number generally begin at number1 and continue in
ascending order for all tapping points as shown.

 

Autotransformer with multiple tapping
points

The autotransformer can
also be constructed with more than one single tapping point. Auto-transformers
can be utilized to provide different voltage points along its winding or
increase its supply voltage concerning its supply voltage VP as shown.

At
the point when the essential current Ip, is moving through the single winding
toward the arrow as shown up, the secondary current, Is, streams in the
opposite direction. Along these lines, in the part of the winding that
generates the secondary voltage, Vs the present streaming out of the winding is
the difference of Ip and Is.

 

The type with programmed
voltage alteration can be utilized as programmed voltage regulator, to keep up
an steady voltage at the clients administration during a wide range of line and
load conditions. Another application is a lighting dimmer that doesn’t create
EMI typical of most thyristor dimmers.

The yield voltage alteration can
be manual or automatic. The manual kind is relevant just for moderately low
voltage and it known as variable AC transformer. These are regularly utilized
as a part of repair look for testing gadgets under various voltages or to
reproduce irregular line voltages.

A constant variable turns of
ratio can be observed by uncovering some part of the winding coils and making
the secondary connection through a sliding brush. It is allowing for very
smooth control of output voltage. Discrete voltage represented by actual number
of turns does not effects the output voltage. The voltage can be smoothly
varied between turns as the brush has a relatively high resistance (compared
with a metal contact) and the actual output voltage is a function of the
relative area of brush in contact with adjacent windings. The relatively high
resistance of the brush also prevents it from acting as a short circuited turn
when it contacts two adjacent turns. Typically, the primary connection connects
to only a part of the winding allowing the output voltage to be varied smoothly
from zero to above the input voltage and thus allowing the device to be used
for testing electrical equipment at the limits of its specified voltage range.

 

A variable auto
transformer

·       Construction:

 

Auto transformer is a device that with only one winding wound on a laminated
core. An auto transformer is similar to a two winding transformer but differ in
the way the primary and secondary winding are interrelated. Both primary side
and secondary side is common to a part of the winding. On load condition, a
part of the load current is obtained directly from the supply and the remaining
part is obtained by transformer action. An Auto transformer works as a voltage regulator.

·       
Introduction:

1)    
Auto
Transformer