What is Microflora?•       living microorganisms that arepresent in less or more numbers in a particular areae.

g. the pharynx  or the rumen, includes bacteria,viruses, protozoa, fungi.(https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/microflora)•       Microflora is the diversity of microorganismsthat are regularly found at any anatomical site of any living organism or animal.(https://www.

slideshare.net/amanullah9803150/microbial-floraofthehumanbody)In human microflora present in:Skin,elementary tract, urogenetal tract, ears, mouth (i.e oral cavity), nose (I.erespiratory tract) and eyes (https://www.slideshare.net/amanullah9803150/microbial-floraofthehumanbody)The microflora of the digestive canal of humanAcidity of stomach is high so human stomach has small numberof bacteria. Few species of bacteria can survive in acidic environment ofstomach. Like, Helicobacter pylori, thisbacterim was discovered in 1980’s as Microflora of human stomach in acidicconditions.

Recently known that this bacteria is the cause of peptic ulcer andgastritis.Human small intestine have small number of bacteria i.e. Streptococci, Lactobacilli and also yeast (Candidaalbicans). In the lower part of small intestine, ileum (is a part at thejunction of small intestine and large intestine), Microflora are present in largenumber as compared to duodenum.

 Large intestinecontains a great variety of bacteria. Colon in the middle part of largeintestine and bacteria reside in it. The species of bacteria which live thereare Bifidobacterium, Coliforms (E. coli), Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium and Streptococcus. About 20% of fecalmatter consist of bacteria.

These bacteria come from colon and not from smallintestine. (https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/normal-flora-and-their-benefits.

php) Microfloraof digestive tract of herbivoresFrom herbivores, we discuss cow because cow is a ruminant. Cows are not the only ruminant animals. Examples of otherruminants are gazelles, giraffes, moose, antelope, caribou, sheep, goats, anddeer. Animals which belong to herbivores eat plants like kangaroos, llamas andcamels have modified stomach similar to rumens.

Rumen is a territory for billions of microflora that includebacteria, protists, fungi and also include some viruses. Microflora which livesin rumen in different other microbes that are complex organisms and Microfloraalso assist one another to help in the digestion of food but microbes not.Hay is a food that is eaten by ruminants including cow. Thecomposition of hay is that the cellulose (a complex compound undigested byherbivores) is present in it and also long chain organic molecules (polymers)that the animal cannot digest are present. Microbes can help in digestion ofthese cellulose and polymer molecules. They break down the cellulose andpolymers into small catabolic bits which the cow can digest and absorb.Microbes play this activity by special enzymes to convert cellulose into smalldigestable particles.

(https://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zacmain.html) Microfloraof the respiratory tract:Theupper part of respiratory tract is a habitat for a large number of species ofbacteria so upper respiratory tract lacks ciliated epithelium which help incleansing action.

For instance, nostrils are a colony of enourmous number ofbacteria i.e. Staphylococcusepidermidis.Microbesof the Skin:Epidermis of the skin of human is not a fertile region formicroorganisms to live because skin surface is dry and acidic upto a littleextinct while microbes require moist region for their proper growth.

Forinstance,  Propionibacterium acneand the Staphylococcus epidermidis.Microfloraof the Nostrils:Nostrils are moist due to the presence of mucus inside and itbecomes a habitat for Gram-positive bacteria i.e.

Staphylococcus aureus. (https://www.ukessays.

com/essays/biology/normal-flora-and-their-benefits.php)There are many dissimilar types of kinship that the body can induce with the microflora. These are:1-MutualismIt is a “mutual benefit”, as both organisms get benefit fromassociation from each other.

For instance, E. coli synthesize and secretevitamin K and B12 which is profitable for host. In return, E.

coli gets warm& nutrient and moist rich environment for its better survival.2-Commensalism:In this type of association, one organism gets benefit whilethe other is neither benefited nor harmed. Bacteria have no commensalismrelationships with human beings. If bacteria present in our body or on thebody, they play a role which is either beneficial (antagonism of microbes) orharmful.

3-Opportunistic (Pathogenic):E. coli is present in the digestive tract of human and otherorganisms where it causes no harm and consequently no disease. But when itenters into the urogenital tract of organisms, it may be harmful (pathogenic).Staphylococcusaureus is a bacterium of nose microflora found in the upper portionof respiratory tract.

If it gains entry into the cells by any wound or bleedingor burn it becomes harmful may be pathogenic. (https://www.slideshare.net/amanullah9803150/microbial-floraofthehumanbody)                  Characteristicsof MicrofloraMajor characters of microflora are given below:Ø Not disease causing:Microflora are present inside the body and also on the body.They do not induce diseases in the healthy animals. Ø Very enourmous in number:Microflora are very abundant in number. They are present inliving organisms abundantly.

For example, a healthy human has about 1013 bodycells but microflora individuals are approximately 1014 in human body. Onefourth of feces contain bacteria.Ø Found externally to the body:Mostly, microflora are found on external surface to the bodyas on the skin, in the surroundings of eyes, in nose, in throat and also foundon internal surfaces as  lower parts ofurethra and  in large intestine. (https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/normal-flora-and-their-benefits.php)Benefits of microflora:•       Preventing colonization by microbialanatgonism competing with nutrients and space and produce toxic condition orenvironmental condition to keep harmful pathogens away (acidity in vagina).

•       Develop immune system by keeping itactive by providing antigens. (https://quizlet.com/7646560/normal-flora-flash-cards/)•       Microflora is essential for us to survive.•       They gain their food from the stuff in our pie hole.

•       If colonies of bacteria are worn out by poisons orantibiotics, they must be replaced otherwise we would die ultimately. (https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-benefits-of-normal-flora)•       They provide a host defence mechanism by taking control on ecologicalniches for bacteria, e.g.

the intestinal villi.•       Bacteria produce and excrete various compounds like vitamin B12 andvitamin K in the intestine which are important nutrients for host.•       The oral microflora assists in immunity through inducing low level ofcirculating and secretory antibiotics that kill pathogens. In other words, theyenhance body’s immunity.•       The oral bacterial flora kills nonindigenous species by producinginhibitory fatty acids, peroxides and bacteriocins (it is a protein and bacreria produce it,it helps in stamping and killing microbes).(https://www.

slideshare.net/amanullah9803150/microbial-floraofthehumanbody)•       Microflora help to digest food as they break downfoodstuffs that are normally indigestible by the host into forms that areeasily digestible by the hosts.•       The Microflora protects the host from infection byharmful pathogenic organisms.•       They produce antibacterial substances as by product ofmetabolism, so they have a local antibiotic effect which retard the attack ofinvaders on host.

•       They stimulate an immunological response (anantibody-mediated immune response) as they act as antigens in the human body. (https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/normal-flora-and-their-benefits.php)Disadvantages of microflora:•       Microflora is harmful when overgrown (i.e. use of antibiotics) andmisplaced (i.e.

urinary tract flora may placed with facel flora). (https://quizlet.com/7646560/normal-flora-flash-cards/)•       Microflora may also cause disease in following conditions:•       If individual become immunocompromised.•       If he change his anatomical location as usual.(https://www.

slideshare.net/amanullah9803150/microbial-floraofthehumanbody)Conclusion:There are few limitations of microflora to the human body aswell. For example, most of the microflora are pathogens and may causeinfectious diseases. Similarly, if microflora takes control on certain tissues,they can cause infection as well as destruction.

Likewise, the Microbe mayabsorb some of the host nutrients due to competition, leading to thedevelopment of bacterial antibiotic resistance in humans. (https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/normal-flora-and-their-benefits.php)