Wireless Power Transmission
Using Microwaves
Abstract:
We Will Write a Custom Essay about Wireless the MPT system. This paper will
For You For Only $13.90/page!
order now
Various new technologies are being
developed for transmitting power through wireless systems and one of the ways
to transmit electricity without wire is through the microwave transmission. The
process of transmitting the power by using microwaves is called as Microwave Power
Transmission(MPT). This will cause reduction in the transmission and
distribution losses. Rectenna is a device used to convert the microwaves into
power for the MPT system. This paper will give the idea about impact on human
beings, advantages, disadvantages, & applications of wireless power
transmission.
Keywords: Wireless power transmission (WPT),
Microwave power transmission (MPT), Wireless Sensor network
(WSN).
Introduction:
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is the
transmission of electrical power from a power source to a consuming device
without using discrete manmade conductors. For transmitting over long distance
without using wires researchers have developed several techniques for moving
electricity. There are some exists only as theories or prototypes but others
are already in use. This paper provides the techniques used for wireless power
transmission. It is a generic term that refers to a number of different power
transmission technologies that use time varying electromagnetic fields.
Wireless transmission is useful to
power electrical devices in case where interconnecting wires are inconvenient,
hazardous, or are not possible. For example the life of WSN is its node which
consist of several device controllers, memory, sensors, actuators, transceivers
and battery and battery. The transceiver can operate in four states, i.e 1)
Transmit 2) Receive 3) Idle and 4) Sleep. The major energy problem of a
transmitter of a node is its receiving in idle state, as in this state it is
always being ready to receive, consuming great amount of power.
However, the batter has a very short lifetime
and moreover in some developments owing to both practically and economically
infeasible or may involve significant resists to human life. That is why energy
harvesting for WSN in replacement of battery is the only and unique solution.
In wireless power transfer, a transmitter device source, such as the mains
power line, transmits power by electromagnetic fields across an intervening
space to one or more receiver devices, where it is converted back to electric
power and utilized. In communication the goal is the transmission of
information, so the amount of power reaching the receiver is unimportant as
long as it is enough that signal to noise ratio is high enough that the
information can be received intelligibly. In wireless communication
technologies, generally, only tiny amounts of power reach the receiver. By
contrast, in wireless power, the amount of power received is the important
thing, so the efficiency (fraction of transmitted power that is received) is
the more significant parameter.
MICROWAVE
REGION
Figure 1.1 Microwave Region of Electromagnetic
Spectrum
The figure 1.1 shows that the microwaves are
the radio signal which has the wavelength array of 1 mm to 1 meter and the
frequency is 3000 MHZ to 300 GHZ. Microwaves contain wavelength that preserves
is calculated in centimeters microwaves are good quality for transmitting
information from one place to another place because microwave energy be able to
penetrate haze, snow, clouds, light rain, and smoke. Microwave radiation is
still connected with an energy level that is typically nontoxic except for
people with pacemakers.
EXISTING METHOD
Possible methods of wireless transmission of
electrical power
A.
Inductive coupling
B.
Laser
C.
Radio frequency
D.
Microwave
A.
Inductive coupling
In this when
transmitting coil is excited then it generates flux and when receiver coil
receives this flux a potential difference is developed across its terminal.
This is the basic model and its efficiency is very poor hence cannot be used
for large distance transmission.
B.
Laser
It is a device
which emits light based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic
radiation. Power can be transmitted by means of converting electricity keen on
laser beam. But in this laser radiation is hazardous and conversion between
electricity and light is ineffective.
C.
Radio frequency
Radio frequency
signals to direct current electrical current powered from either an
international or ambient power sources.
PROPOSED
METHOD:
The figure 1.2 shows that the purposeful block diagram
of WPT consists of two sections: transmitting section and receiving section.
In the
transmission section, the microwave power source generates microwave power
which is prohibited by the electronic control circuits. The waveguide
circulator protects the microwave resource from the reflected power, which is
connected through the co-ax waveguide adaptor. The tuner contests the impedance
between the microwave source and transmitting antenna. Then, based on the
signal broadcast direction, the attenuated signals are separated by the
directional coupler. The transmitting antenna emits the power frequently
through open space to the receiving antenna.
In the
receiving element, the receiving antenna receives the transmitted power and
converts the microwave power into DC power. The impedance matching circuit and
filter is provided for locating the harvest impedance of a signal source which
is equivalent to rectifying circuit. This circuit consists of Schottky barrier
diodes which convert the received microwave power keen on DC power.
Working:
A rectenna is a
rectifying circuit, a special type of antenna that is used to convert microwave
energy into DC current. It’s elements are usually arranged in a mesh pattern,
to provide a distinct appearance from most antennae. We can construct simple rectenna by using a
Schottky diode placed between antenna dipoles. The diode (a uni direction
device) rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the microwaves signals.
Rectenna is highly efficient for
converting microwave energy into electricity. In laboratory environments,
efficiencies above 90% have been observed. Scientists also tried to convert
electricity into microwave energy using inverse rectenna, but efficiencies are
very low. only in the area of 1%. With the advent of nanotechnology and MEMS
the size of rectenna elements can be brought down to molecular level. A
rectenna contains a mesh of dipoles and a mesh of diodes for absorbing
microwave energy from a transmitter and converting it into electric current.
RECTENNA
DESIGN
In emergent this design, the PBG antenna, DGS LPF, and
rectifier circuits were every first fabricated, designed, and characterized
alone.
The rectenna is
a passive element which consist of antenna, rectifying circuit with a low pass
filter between the antenna and rectifying diode.Schottky Brrier diodes(GaAs-W, Si, GaAs) are usually used in the
rectifying circuit due to the fast reverse recoery time and lower forward
voltage drop and good RF characteristics.The rectenna efficieny for various
diodes at different frequency is shown in table 1.1.
Frequency
(GHz)
Schottky
Diode
Measured Efficiency
(%)
Calculated
Efficiency (%)
2.45
GaAs-W
92.5
90.5
5.8
Si
82
78.5
8.5
GaAs
62.5
66.2
Table 1.1
Rectenna Efficieny For Various Diodes at Different Frequency
Figure 1.3
Rectenna Design
The figure 1.3 shows the rectenna used in the project.
Rectenna has divided two copper plates with Schottky diode which acts as a
resistor between two plates. Likewise, we have positioned 10 setups in parallel
such that we have placed 10 resistors in parallel which intone act as the
conductor with high absorption power since resistors in parallel act as a
conductor.
RESULTS
Table 1. 2 Distance Covered Vs Voltage
S.No
Distance(cm)
Voltage(volts)
1
35
32
2
50
30
3
65
22
4
80
18
5
100
8
Figure 1.8 Distance Vs Voltage Curve
In table 1.2 we have presented the
wireless power transmission with distance and voltage in which when the
distance increases the voltage get decreased. This is shown in figure 1.8.The
decrease in voltage absorbed by the rectenna is due to distortion of microwaves
in the air medium.
VI.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE
A.ADVANTAGES
1. Entirely eradicate the existing high-power
transmission line towers, cables etc…
2. The transmission and distribution
cost become less
3. Hence, the efficiency of this method
is very much higher than wired transmission.
4. The power failure as a result of
short circuit and fault of cables would never be present.
5. The power can be transmitted to the
places where the wired transmission is not a feasible.
6. Capability to charge vehicles such as
industrial vehicles and golf carts.
7.
Substantiate
and alter to loads
B.DISADVANTAGE
1. Still under production and development.
2. It does not give sufficient
energy to charge enormous vehicles and types of equipment.
3. Transmitting distance is unreliable
4.
Heat loss takes place.
5.
Intervention of microwaves with a present signal.
VII.APPLICATIONS
1.
Used in cordless
tools, automatic wireless charging for mobile robots and instrument this
eliminates complex mechanism.
2.
Easy and neat
Installation – there is no cable running here and there, just start up the
wireless device.
3.
Mobility –
within the wireless range user device can be moved easily.
4.
The ability of our technology to transfer
power efficiently, safely and over distance can improve products by making them
more reliable, convenient, and environmentally friendly.
VIII.CONCLUSION
Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) was
successfully achieved up to the distance of 1 meter and beyond with the help of
the high power rectenna and proposed with higher lumens. It is difficult to
find inductors and capacitors that are capable of working at higher power
levels. However, safety is needed to be concern for the further extension of
the project and modification is required for higher end design. Configuration
on the cost factor and design constraints, including noise factor are to be
considered and suggested to concern for the further development.
